1·These were essentially professional associations that provided for the mutual aid and protection of their members, and allowed for the maintenance of professional standards.
这些基本上是为成员提供互助和保护，并允许维持专业标准的专业协会。
2·A mutual aid framework could also make the Internet secure in other ways.
一个互助框架还能在其他方面让互联网更安全。
3·Mutual aid, also known as fraternalism, refers to social organizations that gathered dues and paid benefits to members facing hardship.
互助，或称“共济”，描述的是一种收取会费并向困难成员发放救济金的社会团体。
4·Mutual aid was hindered in other ways.
互助组织还受到其他方面的困阻。
5·Insurance, based on social mutual aid, is an economic compensation system for dispersing risks and compensating losses.
保险是建立在社会互助基础之上的一种分散危险、消化损失的经济补偿制度。